KYC (Know Your Customer) is not specific to crypto. It is a standard requirement for financial intermediaries in most jurisdictions. But many are surprised: why does the exchange ask for my passport when I just want to buy ETH?
What Is Usually Checked
Identity verification. Passport or driver's license. Selfie with the document or liveness check (blink, turn head). Usually automated via Sumsub, Onfido, or Jumio – approval takes one to two hours.
Address verification. Sometimes a utility bill, bank statement, or rental agreement. Confirms country of residence. Required for high limits or regulated jurisdictions (EU, UK).
Source of funds. Less common, for large transactions. A document showing where the money comes from: salary, real estate sale, investment deal. This is an AML requirement, not exchange curiosity.
Why It Is Needed
Not to know you hold 0.3 BTC. The goals are regulatory:
- Prevent money laundering and terrorist financing (AML/CFT).
- Ensure the person opening the account is a real individual, not a shell company or sanctioned entity.
- Enable disclosure of wallet holder identity upon request by a regulator or court.
Exchanges do this not voluntarily – without KYC, they cannot obtain a license to operate in a regulated region.
What Happens to the Data After
The KYC data itself is usually not stored on the exchange for long – it is encrypted with the KYC vendor (Sumsub and similar). The exchange has access upon request and is required to retain it for a certain period under AML laws (typically 5–7 years).
Leaks do happen. There are known cases of compromised KYC databases at Celsius, FTX, BitMEX. This means passport data and client photos end up in the hands of attackers. Complete protection is impossible, but careful choice of exchange (with history and regulation) reduces risk.
Small Exchanges Without KYC
They exist – but usually with low withdrawal limits (around $1000–3000 per day), and regulators are gradually shutting them down. In the long term, serious crypto work without at least one verified exchange becomes difficult.
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